Kupe - Data Explorer

Health and Lifestyles Survey

Health and Lifestyles Survey Gambling Gambling harm Gamblers (PGSI) - low risk

2020 Health and Lifestyles Survey

Time trends

Age and sex

Ethnicity (total)

Source: Health and Lifestyles Survey

Notes:

Missing bar in chart indicates insufficient sample size.

Prevalence for selected indicator

This table shows the percentage of the population affected.

Year

Show

Men Women Estimated number

	Total	Men	Women	Estimated number of adults
Total	2.9	( 2.1 - 3.9 )	4.1	( 2.8 - 5.7 )	1.8	( 1 - 2.9 )	119,000	( 88,000 - 158,000 )
Age group (years)
16-24	3.9	( 1.4 - 8.4 )	3.5	( 0.8 - 9.3 )	4.4	( 0.7 - 13.2 )	23,000	( 8,000 - 49,000 )
25-44	3.5	( 2 - 5.5 )	5.3	( 2.7 - 9.2 )	1.6	( 0.7 - 3.1 )	49,000	( 28,000 - 78,000 )
45-64	2.2	( 1.3 - 3.3 )	3.1	( 1.6 - 5.4 )	1.3	( 0.6 - 2.4 )	27,000	( 16,000 - 41,000 )
65+	2.4	( 1.4 - 4 )	3.8	( 1.9 - 6.7 )	1.1	( 0.3 - 2.6 )	21,000	( 12,000 - 34,000 )
Ethnicity (total)
Māori	5.7	( 4.2 - 7.5 )	6.8	( 4.4 - 9.8 )	4.7	( 2.9 - 7.1 )	34,000	( 25,000 - 44,000 )
Pacific	4.4	( 2 - 8.1 )	6.7	( 2.6 - 13.8 )	2.1	( 0.6 - 5.2 )	12,000	( 6,000 - 23,000 )
Asian	3.2	( 1 - 7.7 )	5.9	( 1.5 - 14.8 )	0.6	( 0 - 3.5 )	22,000	( 7,000 - 54,000 )
NZ European / Other	2.4	( 1.7 - 3.4 )	3.4	( 2.2 - 4.9 )	1.5	( 0.6 - 3.1 )	70,000	( 48,000 - 99,000 )
Neighbourhood deprivation
Least (1-3)	1.8	( 1 - 3 )	1.9	( 0.8 - 3.8 )	1.7	( 0.7 - 3.4 )	23,000	( 12,000 - 39,000 )
Mid (4-7)	3.4	( 2.1 - 5 )	4.7	( 2.7 - 7.4 )	2.1	( 0.7 - 4.7 )	59,000	( 37,000 - 88,000 )
Most (8-10)	3.6	( 1.9 - 5.9 )	5.9	( 2.8 - 10.7 )	1.3	( 0.6 - 2.5 )	37,000	( 20,000 - 62,000 )

	Total	Men	Women	Estimated number of adults
Total	3.6	( 2.4 - 5.2 )	5.1	( 2.7 - 8.5 )	2.2	( 1.4 - 3.3 )	142,000	( 93,000 - 206,000 )
Age group (years)
15-24	5.4	( 1.6 - 12.8 )	8.2	( 1.7 - 22.2 )	2.5	( 0.3 - 8.9 )	36,000	( 11,000 - 86,000 )
25-44	5.1	( 2.5 - 9.1 )	7.3	( 2.5 - 15.8 )	2.9	( 1.3 - 5.5 )	66,000	( 33,000 - 118,000 )
45-64	1.1	( 0.6 - 1.9 )	0.6	( 0.2 - 1.6 )	1.5	( 0.7 - 2.9 )	13,000	( 7,000 - 22,000 )
65+	3.4	( 1.9 - 5.6 )	5.0	( 2.2 - 9.7 )	1.9	( 1 - 3.2 )	26,000	( 15,000 - 43,000 )
Ethnicity (total)
Māori	4.5	( 2.4 - 7.7 )	3.4	( 0.8 - 8.8 )	5.6	( 2.8 - 9.7 )	23,000	( 12,000 - 40,000 )
Pacific	3.0	( 1.2 - 6.1 )	1.2	( 0.2 - 3.8 )	4.8	( 1.5 - 11 )	8,000	( 3,000 - 16,000 )
Asian	3.8	( 0.9 - 9.9 )	7.5	( 1.7 - 19.9 )	0.2	( 0 - 1.1 )	23,000	( 6,000 - 60,000 )
NZ European / Other	3.9	( 2.4 - 6.1 )	5.6	( 2.7 - 10.1 )	2.3	( 1.2 - 3.8 )	117,000	( 71,000 - 180,000 )
Neighbourhood deprivation
Least (1-3)	3.7	( 1.2 - 8.6 )	5.4	( 0.9 - 16.5 )	2.0	( 0.5 - 5.1 )	47,000	( 15,000 - 108,000 )
Mid (4-7)	2.7	( 1.2 - 5.1 )	4.4	( 1.5 - 9.7 )	1.1	( 0.5 - 2.1 )	41,000	( 19,000 - 79,000 )
Most (8-10)	4.9	( 2.8 - 7.8 )	5.7	( 2.2 - 11.6 )	4.1	( 2.2 - 6.9 )	54,000	( 31,000 - 86,000 )

	Total	Men	Women	Estimated number of adults
Total	3.3	( 2.7 - 4.1 )	3.7	( 2.6 - 4.9 )	3.0	( 2.1 - 4.2 )	126,000	( 100,000 - 156,000 )
Age group (years)
15-24	2.3	( 0.7 - 5.2 )	1.9	( 0.2 - 7.2 )	2.7	( 0.7 - 7.1 )	15,000	( 5,000 - 35,000 )
25-44	3.5	( 2.3 - 5 )	4.9	( 2.8 - 7.7 )	2.2	( 1.2 - 3.8 )	43,000	( 29,000 - 61,000 )
45-64	4.2	( 2.9 - 5.9 )	3.9	( 2.4 - 6 )	4.5	( 2.6 - 7.2 )	51,000	( 35,000 - 70,000 )
65+	2.5	( 1.4 - 4.2 )	2.9	( 1.1 - 6 )	2.1	( 0.9 - 4.1 )	17,000	( 9,000 - 29,000 )
Ethnicity (total)
Māori	5.3	( 3.3 - 8.1 )	6.0	( 3.3 - 9.8 )	4.7	( 2 - 9.3 )	26,000	( 16,000 - 40,000 )
Pacific	7.3	( 4.4 - 11.2 )	11.0	( 6 - 18.1 )	3.2	( 0.9 - 7.7 )	18,000	( 11,000 - 28,000 )
Asian	3.2	( 1.1 - 7.2 )	3.6	( 0.7 - 10.6 )	2.9	( 0.6 - 8.6 )	18,000	( 6,000 - 39,000 )
NZ European / Other	3.1	( 2.3 - 4 )	3.1	( 2.1 - 4.4 )	3.1	( 2.1 - 4.4 )	88,000	( 67,000 - 113,000 )
Neighbourhood deprivation
Least (1-3)	2.8	( 1.6 - 4.4 )	3.8	( 1.7 - 7.2 )	1.9	( 0.9 - 3.6 )	33,000	( 19,000 - 52,000 )
Mid (4-7)	3.5	( 2.4 - 4.9 )	3.0	( 1.7 - 4.8 )	3.9	( 2.3 - 6.2 )	57,000	( 39,000 - 80,000 )
Most (8-10)	3.8	( 2.6 - 5.3 )	4.6	( 2.8 - 7.1 )	2.9	( 1.6 - 4.8 )	37,000	( 26,000 - 51,000 )

	Total	Men	Women	Estimated number of adults
Total	3.0	( 2.1 - 4.1 )	3.4	( 1.9 - 5.4 )	2.6	( 1.7 - 3.8 )	107,000	( 75,000 - 148,000 )
Age group (years)
15-24	3.1	( 0.8 - 8.2 )	3.8	( 0.4 - 14.1 )	2.4	( 0.4 - 7.2 )	20,000	( 5,000 - 53,000 )
25-44	2.8	( 1.5 - 4.6 )	3.1	( 1.2 - 6.3 )	2.5	( 1.1 - 4.6 )	32,000	( 17,000 - 54,000 )
45-64	3.5	( 1.9 - 5.9 )	3.7	( 1.3 - 8 )	3.3	( 1.5 - 6.3 )	38,000	( 21,000 - 64,000 )
65+	2.4	( 1.1 - 4.4 )	3.0	( 0.9 - 7.1 )	1.9	( 0.7 - 4.1 )	17,000	( 8,000 - 31,000 )
Ethnicity (total)
Māori	5.7	( 3.4 - 9 )	6.1	( 2.8 - 11.3 )	5.4	( 2.3 - 10.4 )	27,000	( 16,000 - 42,000 )
Pacific	4.2	( 1.4 - 9.4 )	3.3	( 0.7 - 9.4 )	5.1	( 0.9 - 15.2 )	9,000	( 3,000 - 21,000 )
Asian	3.3	( 0.5 - 10.9 )	5.6	( 0.4 - 21.8 )	1.2	( 0.1 - 4.7 )	15,000	( 2,000 - 50,000 )
NZ European / Other	2.4	( 1.5 - 3.6 )	2.6	( 1.3 - 4.6 )	2.2	( 1.2 - 3.7 )	66,000	( 42,000 - 98,000 )
Neighbourhood deprivation
Least (1-3)	3.3	( 1.4 - 6.5 )	4.8	( 1.5 - 11.1 )	1.8	( 0.6 - 4.2 )	38,000	( 16,000 - 75,000 )
Mid (4-7)	2.7	( 1.6 - 4.1 )	2.2	( 1 - 4.3 )	3.1	( 1.6 - 5.5 )	41,000	( 25,000 - 63,000 )
Most (8-10)	3.1	( 1.7 - 5.1 )	3.7	( 1.5 - 7.5 )	2.6	( 1.1 - 5.2 )	27,000	( 15,000 - 45,000 )

	Total	Men	Women	Estimated number of adults
Total	2.7	( 2 - 3.6 )	3.1	( 2 - 4.7 )	2.3	( 1.3 - 3.7 )	95,000	( 69,000 - 127,000 )
Age group (years)
15-24	3.3	( 1.4 - 6.5 )	3.4	( 1.1 - 7.9 )	3.1	( 0.4 - 10.8 )	20,000	( 8,000 - 41,000 )
25-44	3.5	( 2 - 5.6 )	3.9	( 1.6 - 7.8 )	3.1	( 1.5 - 5.7 )	40,000	( 23,000 - 64,000 )
45-64	2.3	( 1.3 - 3.9 )	2.8	( 1.3 - 5.5 )	1.9	( 0.7 - 4.2 )	26,000	( 14,000 - 43,000 )
65+	1.4	( 0.5 - 2.9 )	1.9	( 0.5 - 4.7 )	0.8	( 0.1 - 3 )	8,000	( 3,000 - 18,000 )
Ethnicity (total)
Māori	4.7	( 2.8 - 7.5 )	5.5	( 2.5 - 10.3 )	4.0	( 1.8 - 7.6 )	21,000	( 12,000 - 34,000 )
Pacific	3.3	( 1.3 - 6.9 )	6.0	( 2 - 13.5 )	0.7	( 0.2 - 2 )	7,000	( 3,000 - 14,000 )
Asian	2.4	( 0.6 - 6.4 )	1.1	( 0.1 - 4.6 )	3.7	( 0.6 - 11.2 )	10,000	( 2,000 - 25,000 )
NZ European / Other	2.4	( 1.6 - 3.5 )	2.6	( 1.4 - 4.3 )	2.3	( 1.2 - 3.9 )	69,000	( 45,000 - 100,000 )
Neighbourhood deprivation
Least (1-3)	1.0	( 0.3 - 2.4 )	0.5	( 0.1 - 1.4 )	1.6	( 0.3 - 4.5 )	10,000	( 3,000 - 23,000 )
Mid (4-7)	2.5	( 1.4 - 4.2 )	3.5	( 1.6 - 6.6 )	1.6	( 0.5 - 3.7 )	38,000	( 21,000 - 63,000 )
Most (8-10)	4.5	( 2.9 - 6.4 )	5.1	( 2.8 - 8.4 )	3.9	( 1.7 - 7.6 )	47,000	( 31,000 - 68,000 )

	Total	Men	Women	Estimated number of adults
Total	6.0	( 4.5 - 7.7 )	7.0	( 4.7 - 10 )	5.0	( 3.4 - 7.2 )	206,000	( 155,000 - 267,000 )
Age group (years)
15-24	2.2	( 0.8 - 4.8 )	2.0	( 0.3 - 6.2 )	2.3	( 0.5 - 6.5 )	13,000	( 5,000 - 28,000 )
25-44	5.6	( 3.3 - 8.8 )	7.4	( 3.3 - 13.9 )	4.0	( 1.9 - 7.2 )	66,000	( 39,000 - 103,000 )
45-64	8.9	( 5.6 - 13.1 )	9.0	( 4.3 - 16 )	8.8	( 4.7 - 14.6 )	100,000	( 64,000 - 148,000 )
65+	4.9	( 2.5 - 8.5 )	7.6	( 3 - 15.2 )	2.6	( 0.8 - 6.1 )	27,000	( 14,000 - 47,000 )
Ethnicity (total)
Māori	9.1	( 6 - 13.2 )	6.9	( 3.2 - 12.9 )	11.1	( 6.6 - 17.3 )	40,000	( 26,000 - 58,000 )
Pacific	7.8	( 4.3 - 12.8 )	7.7	( 2.9 - 16 )	7.8	( 3.2 - 15.3 )	15,000	( 8,000 - 25,000 )
Asian	2.1	( 0.3 - 7.1 )	2.4	( 0.1 - 11.3 )	1.8	( 0 - 10.1 )	7,000	( 1,000 - 26,000 )
NZ European / Other	5.9	( 4.1 - 8 )	7.5	( 4.7 - 11.3 )	4.4	( 2.5 - 7 )	158,000	( 112,000 - 217,000 )
Neighbourhood deprivation
Least (1-3)	3.7	( 1.7 - 6.9 )	4.4	( 1.4 - 10.2 )	3.0	( 0.8 - 7.3 )	43,000	( 19,000 - 81,000 )
Mid (4-7)	6.0	( 3.6 - 9.3 )	7.0	( 3.5 - 12.1 )	5.1	( 2.2 - 9.8 )	75,000	( 45,000 - 116,000 )
Most (8-10)	8.6	( 5.8 - 12.2 )	10.2	( 5.5 - 16.9 )	7.2	( 4.5 - 10.9 )	88,000	( 60,000 - 124,000 )

Source: Health and Lifestyles Survey

Notes:

This table presents unadjusted results; that is, the prevalence or mean estimates reflect the actual percentage or mean of the population affected in each time period.
Total response measure of ethnicity was used. People who reported belonging to more than one ethnic group are counted once in each group they reported.
Dashes indicate insufficient sample size.

Subgroup Comparison (2020)

Adjusted prevalence ratios are used to compare the results for different population subgroups. An adjusted ratio above 1 shows that the indicator is more likely, and an adjusted ratio below 1 shows the indicator is less likely, in the group of interest (e.g. Māori) than the reference group (e.g. non-Māori), after adjusting for demographic variables that could influence the association.

Show

Equity-based ethnicities

	Adjusted ratios
Population groups being compared	Ratio	(95% CI)	Adjustment variables
Sex
Women vs men	0.44	( 0.24 - 0.82 )	Age
Māori Equity
Māori vs non-Māori & non-Pacific	2.36	( 1.36 - 4.09 )	Age, Sex
Men: Māori vs non-Māori & non-Pacific	2	( 1.02 - 3.92 )	Age
Women: Māori vs non-Māori & non-Pacific	-	-	Age
Pacific Equity
Pacific vs non-Pacific & non-Māori	1.76	( 0.79 - 3.92 )	Age, Sex
Men: Pacific vs non-Pacific & non-Māori	1.95	( 0.78 - 4.91 )	Age
Women: Pacific vs non-Pacific & non-Māori	-	-	Age
Māori
Māori vs non-Māori	2.23	( 1.33 - 3.73 )	Age, Sex
Men: Māori vs non-Māori	1.85	( 0.97 - 3.54 )	Age
Women: Māori vs non-Māori	3.17	( 1.02 - 9.9 )	Age
Pacific
Pacific vs non-Pacific	1.43	( 0.68 - 3.02 )	Age, Sex
Men: Pacific vs non-Pacific	1.68	( 0.7 - 4.04 )	Age
Women: Pacific vs non-Pacific	0.98	( 0.26 - 3.67 )	Age
Asian
Asian vs non-Asian	1.03	( 0.37 - 2.9 )	Age, Sex
Men: Asian vs non-Asian	1.46	( 0.47 - 4.53 )	Age
Women: Asian vs non-Asian	-	-	Age
Neighbourhood deprivation
Most deprived vs least deprived	1.57	( 0.71 - 3.49 )	Age, Sex, Ethnicity
Men: Most deprived vs least deprived	-	-	Age, Ethnicity
Women: Most deprived vs least deprived	-	-	Age, Ethnicity

Source: Health and Lifestyles Survey

Notes:

This table gives comparisons as adjusted prevalence ratios.
Population groups being compared are based on total ethnicity.
Neighbourhood deprivation groups are least (1 - 3), mid (4 - 7) and most deprived (8 - 10).
The model for neighbourhood deprivation used prioritised ethnicity as an adjustment variable.
Dashes indicate that reliable estimates are unavailable due to, for example, an insufficient sample size or unusually wide confidence interval.

Changes over time

This table presents unadjusted results; that is, the prevalence estimates reflect the actual percentage for the specified population in each survey year. Statistically significant differences between years are shown in bold ( p value < .05).

Year

Show

p value

	Unadjusted prevalence						Statistical significance of difference between years ( p value)
Population group	2010	2012	2014	2016	2018	2020	2010 and 2020	2012 and 2020	2014 and 2020	2016 and 2020	2018 and 2020
Total	6.0	2.7	3.0	3.3	3.6	2.9	.001	.730	.927	.463	.422
Men	7.0	3.1	3.4	3.7	5.1	4.1	.061	.337	.538	.639	.559
Women	5.0	2.3	2.6	3.0	2.2	1.8	.003	.490	.256	.072	.538
Age group (years)
15-24 / 16-24	2.2	3.3	3.1	2.3	5.4	3.9	.402	.781	.766	.443	.655
25-44	5.6	3.5	2.8	3.5	5.1	3.5	.201	.990	.555	.981	.393
45-64	8.9	2.3	3.5	4.2	1.1	2.2	.001	.829	.238	.021	.078
65+	4.9	1.4	2.4	2.5	3.4	2.4	.139	.234	.967	.928	.405
Ethnicity (total)
Māori	9.1	4.7	5.7	5.3	4.5	5.7	.086	.502	.990	.797	.460
Pacific	7.8	3.3	4.2	7.3	3.0	4.4	.204	.611	.953	.215	.490
Asian	2.1	2.4	3.3	3.2	3.8	3.2	.642	.736	.974	.985	.841
NZ European / Other	5.9	2.4	2.4	3.1	3.9	2.4	.002	.976	.961	.293	.153
Neighbourhood deprivation
Least (1-3)	3.7	1.0	3.3	2.8	3.7	1.8	.188	.319	.278	.246	.326
Mid (4-7)	6.0	2.5	2.7	3.5	2.7	3.4	.112	.410	.452	.939	.560
Most (8-10)	8.6	4.5	3.1	3.8	4.9	3.6	.008	.505	.735	.852	.418

	Unadjusted prevalence	Statistical significance of difference between years ( p value)
Total	6.0	2.7	3.0	3.3	3.6	.032	.291	.488	.751
Men	7.0	3.1	3.4	3.7	5.1	.339	.236	.331	.376
Women	5.0	2.3	2.6	3.0	2.2	.010	.893	.593	.245
Age group (years)
15-24 / 16-24	2.2	3.3	3.1	2.3	5.4	.285	.499	.505	.307
25-44	5.6	3.5	2.8	3.5	5.1	.814	.400	.210	.378
45-64	8.9	2.3	3.5	4.2	1.1	.000	.094	.024	.000
65+	4.9	1.4	2.4	2.5	3.4	.401	.069	.426	.460
Ethnicity (total)
Māori	9.1	4.7	5.7	5.3	4.5	.043	.913	.545	.662
Pacific	7.8	3.3	4.2	7.3	3.0	.057	.870	.604	.046
Asian	2.1	2.4	3.3	3.2	3.8	.553	.625	.894	.848
NZ European / Other	5.9	2.4	2.4	3.1	3.9	.157	.153	.156	.406
Neighbourhood deprivation
Least (1-3)	3.7	1.0	3.3	2.8	3.7	.993	.174	.864	.656
Mid (4-7)	6.0	2.5	2.7	3.5	2.7	.059	.917	.994	.498
Most (8-10)	8.6	4.5	3.1	3.8	4.9	.070	.784	.249	.448

	Unadjusted prevalence	Statistical significance of difference between years ( p value)
Total	6.0	2.7	3.0	3.3	.004	.265	.575
Men	7.0	3.1	3.4	3.7	.023	.557	.796
Women	5.0	2.3	2.6	3.0	.069	.357	.558
Age group (years)
15-24 / 16-24	2.2	3.3	3.1	2.3	.946	.563	.698
25-44	5.6	3.5	2.8	3.5	.178	.992	.483
45-64	8.9	2.3	3.5	4.2	.024	.058	.553
65+	4.9	1.4	2.4	2.5	.158	.215	.905
Ethnicity (total)
Māori	9.1	4.7	5.7	5.3	.081	.725	.832
Pacific	7.8	3.3	4.2	7.3	.856	.076	.253
Asian	2.1	2.4	3.3	3.2	.613	.706	.984
NZ European / Other	5.9	2.4	2.4	3.1	.009	.297	.310
Neighbourhood deprivation
Least (1-3)	3.7	1.0	3.3	2.8	.564	.047	.735
Mid (4-7)	6.0	2.5	2.7	3.5	.112	.334	.367
Most (8-10)	8.6	4.5	3.1	3.8	.006	.546	.532

	Unadjusted prevalence	Statistical significance of difference between years ( p value)
Total	6.0	2.7	3.0	.002	.686
Men	7.0	3.1	3.4	.026	.825
Women	5.0	2.3	2.6	.029	.721
Age group (years)
15-24 / 16-24	2.2	3.3	3.1	.656	.946
25-44	5.6	3.5	2.8	.080	.552
45-64	8.9	2.3	3.5	.013	.340
65+	4.9	1.4	2.4	.150	.322
Ethnicity (total)
Māori	9.1	4.7	5.7	.140	.592
Pacific	7.8	3.3	4.2	.232	.709
Asian	2.1	2.4	3.3	.697	.776
NZ European / Other	5.9	2.4	2.4	.002	.984
Neighbourhood deprivation
Least (1-3)	3.7	1.0	3.3	.843	.108
Mid (4-7)	6.0	2.5	2.7	.036	.901
Most (8-10)	8.6	4.5	3.1	.003	.273

	Unadjusted prevalence	Statistical significance of difference between years ( p value)
Total	6.0	2.7	.000
Men	7.0	3.1	.011
Women	5.0	2.3	.017
Age group (years)
15-24 / 16-24	2.2	3.3	.506
25-44	5.6	3.5	.208
45-64	8.9	2.3	.001
65+	4.9	1.4	.031
Ethnicity (total)
Māori	9.1	4.7	.043
Pacific	7.8	3.3	.085
Asian	2.1	2.4	.870
NZ European / Other	5.9	2.4	.002
Neighbourhood deprivation
Least (1-3)	3.7	1.0	.067
Mid (4-7)	6.0	2.5	.033
Most (8-10)	8.6	4.5	.024

	Unadjusted prevalence
Total	6.0
Men	7.0
Women	5.0
Age group (years)
15-24 / 16-24	2.2
25-44	5.6
45-64	8.9
65+	4.9
Ethnicity (total)
Māori	9.1
Pacific	7.8
Asian	2.1
NZ European / Other	5.9
Neighbourhood deprivation
Least (1-3)	3.7
Mid (4-7)	6.0
Most (8-10)	8.6

Source: Health and Lifestyles Survey

Notes:

Total response measure of ethnicity was used. People who reported belonging to more than one ethnic group are counted once in each group they reported.
Dashes indicate that the data is not available.

Indicator definition

Individual gambling harm (PGSI): Low risk gamblers.

Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI; Ferris & Wynne, 2001) is a 9-item scale used to assess people's experiences of gambling-related harm in the last 12 months.

An example item is: "Thinking about the last 12 months, how often have you bet more than you could really afford to lose?" Participants rated themselves on a 4-point scale from 0 (never) to 3 (almost always). Response values from each participant were added to calculate the total score and 'refused' or 'don't know' was coded as 'never' (0). Possible scores range from 0 to 27 with higher scores being indicative of greater problem of gambling. Low risk gamblers have a score of 1-2.

Interpretation notes

Change in response rate

Lower response rates in 2018 than in 2016 and 2020 among young (15 to 24 years) male Māori, young male NZ European/Other, young female Asian, and older (55+ years) male Asian respondents mean that comparisons of 2018 data with 2016 and 2020 should be made with caution. We recommend focusing on longer-term trends where possible.

Impacts of Covid

Interviewing for the 2020 Health and Lifestyles Survey was delayed for five months due to the COVID-19 lockdown. Interviewing was then suspended twice in the Auckland region in response to the alert level being raised to level 3. At all other times, interviewing took place at alert levels 1 and 2 with additional COVID-19 precautions in place. It is unclear what impact the delays to the survey and the pandemic response have had on the data. No adjustments have been made to account for the impacts of these delays and the pandemic response.